The survey was conducted to assess the pathogenicity of root rot disease of cotton in different villages of Dir Lower and Dir Upper provoked by Rhizoctonia spp. A roaming survey was carried out in 10 major cotton-growing villages of Dir Upper and Dir Lower during Kharif 2019 and Kharif 2020, specifically in the months of July and August for the two consecutive cropping seasons. On average, four growing regions of cotton in each district were visited, and the percent disease incidence was recorded. Among the surveyed villages of Dir Upper, the maximum mean disease incidence in 2019 was recorded in Samarbagh (18.75%), followed by Garrah (15.25%) and Munda (15%), while the minimum disease incidence was recorded in Kabal and Charkhi Dadri (9.25%). In 2020, the highest disease incidence was again observed in Samarbagh (18.25%), followed by Munda (15.25%) and Garrah (15.42%), while the minimum incidence occurred in Charkhi Dadri (9.08%). The overall study indicates a clear prevalence of root rot disease in major cotton-growing locations in Dir Upper. Therefore, the use of resistant cotton varieties, along with the implementation of best management strategies including effective biocontrol agents, is urgently needed to minimize disease impact. Further studies are recommended to determine disease prevalence in other locations.
Volume 2 Issue 5 October 2023
Ethnobotanical Study of Village Darangal Kambat Tehsil Samarbagh, District Dir Lower, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan
ABSTRACT
A total of 50 species of plants belonging to 35 families were collected from the research area Darangal Dir Lower. Details about their local names, descriptions of plants, and ethno-medicinal uses were also recorded. These medicinal plants are used for different types of diseases such as respiratory disease, colds, diabetes, kidney disease, fever, pain, hair problems, anti-bacterial, anti-ulcer, cough, and skin disease. The results indicated that the medicinal plants in the study area a wide medicinal uses and important value as recorded by the local community. These plants have much importance and medicinal uses for local people and are a cheap source of cures because these are mostly used by the poor mass of the community. The composed plant’s species were utilized as remedial plants pursued via vegetables along with food, 12 species were used for fuel and wood, 10 species were used for furniture, 4 species were used as thatching, 2 species were used as a hedge, 2 species were used for fruits and 6 species were used for ornamental purposes. The dominant families of the research area were Rosaceae have 10 species, Fabaceae and Poaceae each have 9 species. Lamiaceae and Solanaceae each have 8 species. Brassicaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Moraceae, Papilonaceae, Ranunculaceae and Rotaceae each have 5 species. Euphorbiaceae, Labiatae, Malvaceae and Rhamaceae each have 4 species. Leaves of the plant were mostly utilized in the preparation of therapeutic recipes. These medicinal recipes were used mostly orally in the form of decoction. Traditional methods of collection and poor post-harvest also decreased the quality of these medicinal plants. Deforestation, soil erosion as well as increase in inhabitants were also solemn intimidation to the valuable plants of the region. The current work is an initiation step toward the documentation of these valuable plants. The flora of the area requires proper conservation for the better future of Darangal.
Phytochemical Detection and Medicinal Studies of Selected Plants from War Effected Areas of Khyber Pakhtoonkhwa Pakistan
Lubna Shakir1⸶,; Sanam Asif2⸶; Ayazul Haq2; Sajjadul Haq2; Khan Zada2; Muhammad Said1; Muhammad
Sajid3; Shakir Ullah1*Rihan Ullah4.
ABSTRACT
In the present study qualitative investigation of methanolic, ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Verbascum thapsus and Micromeria biflora and Medicinal studied of Selected Plants was carried out. Phytochemical detection of Verbascum thapsus plant ethanolic extracts in leaves contained a dark colour which shows that Alkaloids are present. Where phenol was present in both methanolic, ethanolic and aqueous extracts. The saponins in aqueous show dark concentration comparison with ethanolic and methanolic extracts. The flavonoids were present in all three types of extract and Tannins were found in all types of extract in large amounts but in Aqueous found in small amounts. The alkaloids, glycosides and Phlobatannins are absent in aqueous extract. The Flavonoids were present in moderate amounts in both methanolic and ethanolic extract in leaves and they were present in low amounts in the aqueous extract. The Phlobatannins were present in moderate amounts in the methanolic extracts and low amounts in the ethanolic extracts of Verbascum thapsus and absent in the aqueous extracts. Tannins were present in the highest amount in ethanolic extracts followed by the methanolic extracts. The qualitative phytochemistry also shows that the Carbohydrate, Glycosides, were found in the highest amount in the plant extracts and the other phytochemicals such as Alkaloids, Flavonoids and Phenol were present in moderate amount. The Alkaloid, Carbohydrate, Glycosides, Phlobatannins, Saponins, Terpenoids. In the current study ethno-botanical importance plant of Munda Khazana district lower Dir an overall of 50 valuable plants assembled from the research region. These plants belong to different families. The dominant valuable plants and the bases of habit were herbs (22 species) followed by shrubs (8 species) and trees (10 plant species).
Flora Diversity, Phytosociology and Distribution Pattern of the Woody Vegetation and Its Relation to Soil Types, in Kalogi District, Nuba Mountains, Sudan
Ismail Mirghani Ismail
ABSTRACT
The work is documents the findings of ecological parameters, which have
been carried out in the low rainfall woodland savanna of the Nuba
Mountains, Sudan. Filling the information gap on the woody vegetation
along different habitats in Kalogi district. The vegetation sampling and data
analysis were done following standard procedures. Fourty five plant species
belonging to 29 genera and 14 families have been documented. The most
common plant species based on the importance value index are
Dichrostachys cinerea (IVI-98), Vachellia seyal (IVI-28) and Balanites
aegyptiaca (IVI-25) respectively in dark cracking clay soil habitat. On the
other hand the most common species on GARDOUD soil habitats are
Hyphaene thebaica (IVI-37), followed by Balanites aegyptiaca (IVI-35),
Combretum hartmannianum (IVI-23), Vachellia oerfota (IVI-20) and Albizia
amara (IVI-16) respectively. Fabaceae is found to be the most dominant
family. The distribution pattern revealed that 95.6% of species showed
contiguous distribution, while 4.4% were randomly distributed. GARDOUD
habitats showed the highest values of species richness and diversity indices
as flow: richness of 39 species, Shannon-Wiener’s (H’) (2.77), Pielou index
(E) (.076), Simpson index (D) (0.9), Margalef index (M) (5.9).
Tagetes officinalis Oil Production under Photobiology Treatments
Gamil E. Ibrahim1; Sami Ali Mewally2
ABSTRACT
Tagetes plant was grown widely as an herbaceous ornamental plant belonging to the family of Asteraceae. It is an economic plant species utilized in processed forms in modern medicinal processes. The main constituents of Marigolds are Phenolic compounds, carbohydrates, lipids, steroids, tocopherols, terpenoids, vitamin C, and carotenoids. From the results, it could be concluded that with the high exposure time (40 minutes) two types of laser recorded the highest values in oil content compared with control and other laser treatments. The results of phenolic and flavonoid contents for essential oil from Tagetes treated with blue and red laser revealed a significant (P≤0.05) increase after laser treatment especially in red laser treatment which recorded (17.08 mg GAE/g) after 15 mins compared to control (13.25 mg GAE/g) and blue laser (16.49 mg GAE/g) at the same time. A similar observation was noticed in total flavonoid content, which increases with increasing exposure time to both types of laser. Twenty-nine volatile compounds were identified which comprise about 99.6%, 99.13%, 99.66%, 99.58%, and 99.27% in control and blue as well as red laser after 10 and 15 mins, respectively. The data revealed that the main volatile constituents were terpenes either mono or sesquiterpenes and oxygenated sesquiterpenes. Dihydro-Tagetone was considered the major volatile compound in all samples under investigation with a concentration of control (26.31%) and exhibited a pronounced increase in treated samples with concentrations of 28.56% and 27.91% after 15 mins treatment with red and blue laser respectively.
Intensity of Livelihood Diversification on Food Security among Small-Scale Arable Farming Households in Benue State, Nigeria
Azembeh, T*; Iorlamen, R.T., Abu .O.
ABSTRACT
The study analyzed the intensity of livelihood diversification and food security among arable crop small-scale farming households in Benue State, Nigeria. The study adopted a survey research design that made use of primary data. The data collected were analyzed using frequency, percentages, means, and food security index. The results on socio-economic characteristics showed that most arable farmers are in their productive age (40 years), about 61.7% of males are majorly involved in farming and 89.4% are married. Arable farmers in the area spent at least 10 years in school, had a household size of at least 7 members, and an average farm size of 5.55 hectares with an average annual income of N 461,785.53. The result of livelihood strategies engaged in and income realized showed that most (23.3%) of respondents were more diversified in cultivation of cassava with average income earned of N 82,688.89, 22.2% diversified into yam cultivation with average income earned of N 166,257.14, 18.3% diversified into rice cultivation and earned N 139,757.58, 8.3% into soybeans with average income earned of N 129,130, 6.7% into guinea corn and earned N 143,750.00, 6.1% into maize and earned N 89,444.44, 5.0% into cowpea (beans) and earned N 101,428.57, 3.9% into groundnuts and earned N 67,533.33, 1.1% into sesame (beniseed) and earned N 107,500.00, and 0.6% into bambaranut and earned N 70,000.00. The results of Simpson index showed the mean diversification index of 0.7059, which falls between the index of 0.61 and 0.90, indicating that small-scale farming households are highly diversified in various diversification activities. The results on the constraints to diversifying livelihoods of respondents in the study area showed that inadequate access to credit (99.4%), insufficient market price of commodity (80.0%), and unstable electricity (78.3%) were the most constraints. The study concludes that livelihood diversification strategies are healthy for income realization during the off-season when farmers who depend on rain are no longer in the cropping season. Agricultural policies should be targeted towards livelihood diversification strategies that ensure the food security status of small-scale farmers.
Maturation Period and Nitrogen Fixing Capacity of Some Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L Walp) Varieties in Okigwe, Southeastern Nigeria
Ikeh, A.O.1*. Akata, O.R.2, Ukabiala, M.E.3. Okoro, N.J.4. Amanze, A.N.5, Ayegba, E.O.6
ABSTRACT
The field experiment was carried out at Umulolo via National Horticultural Research Institute, Mbato, Okigwe, Imo State, Nigeria in 2020 and 2021 to assess the maturation period and nitrogen-fixing capacities of some cowpea varieties in the rainforest ecology of southeastern Nigeria. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Seven cowpea varieties were tested: IT98K-506-1, IT86D-719, IT89KD-391, IAR-48, IT90K-277-2, IT89KD-288, and Ife-brown. IT98K-506-1, IT89KD-391, and IT89KD-288 attained early 50% flowering between 42.23–44.71 days in 2020 and between 43.61–43.93 days in 2021, while the most delayed 50% flowering, above 90 days in both cropping seasons, was recorded in Ife-brown and IT86D-719. The number of days to 50% maturity differed significantly among the varieties, with IT98K-506-1 attaining 50% maturation at 72.27 and 71.55 days in both seasons, followed by 88.92 and 91.33 days recorded in IT89KD-391. Ife-brown took the longest to attain 50% maturity at 125.90 and 124.65 days in 2020 and 2021, respectively. IT89KD-391 produced the highest grain yield of 1961.53 kg/ha and 1904.17 kg/ha in both cropping seasons, while the least grain yield of 963.41 kg/ha and 965.72 kg/ha was recorded from IT98K-506-1. IT89KD-288 had a significantly higher number of root nodules per plant, 85.01 and 86.34 in both seasons, followed by 75.16 and 74.34 in IT86KD-719, while the least number of root nodules per plant, 37.33 and 39.60, was recorded in IT90K-277-2. IT89KD-288 also showed significant biomass accumulation of 1051.34 and 1047.11 kg/ha in the 2020 and 2021 cropping seasons, followed by 1023.34 and 1030.13 kg/ha recorded in IT89KD-391.
Pathogenicity and Survey of Root Rot Disease of Cotton in Different Villages of Dir Upper and Dir Lower Khyber Pakhtoon Khwa Pakistan
Shakir Ullah1, Lubna Shakir2 and Muhammad Sajid3, Rihan Ullah3